INTRODUCTION
Microsoft's next-generation secure computing base aims to provide robust access control while retaining the openness of personal computers. Unlike closed systems, an NGSCB platform can run any software, but it provides mechanisms that allow operating systems and applications to protect themselves against other software running on the same machine. For example, it can make home finance data inaccessible to programs that the user has not specifically authorized.
To enable this mode of operation, NGSCB platforms implement
" Isolation among operating systems and among processes. OS isolation is related to virtual machine monitors. However, some key NGSCB innovations make it more robust than traditional VMMs by enabling a small machine monitor to isolate itself and other high-assurance components from the basic input/output system (BIOS), device drivers, and bus master devices.
" Hardware and software security primitives that allow software modules to keep secrets and authenticate themselves to local and remote entities. These primitives maintain the trustworthiness of OS access protections without preventing the platform from booting other operating systems.
We refer to a security regimen that allows any software to run but requires it to be identified in access-control decisions as authenticated operation, and we call a hardware-software platform that supports authenticated operation a trusted open system.
A variety of commercial requirements and security goals guided the NGSCB system design. The main commercial requirement was for an open architecture that allows arbitrary hardware peripherals to be added to the platform and arbitrary software to execute without involving a central authority. Furthermore, the system had to operate in the legacy environment of personal computers. While we introduced changes to core platform components, most of the PC architecture remained unmodified. The system had to be compatible with the majority of existing peripherals. Finally, the hardware changes had to be such that they would not have a significant impact on PC production costs.
Our main security goal was assurance. Assurance is not any particular security function. It refers to the degree of confidence the owner of a system can have in its correct behavior especially in the presence of attacks. A further goal was to enable authenticated operation.
The hardware platforms are not required to provide protection against hardware tampering. Protection against tampering costs money, and it is clear that most security attacks facing users are launched by malicious software, or are remotely launched and exploit bugs in otherwise benign software. However, we anticipate platforms will be deployed that are also robust against hardware attacks, especially in high-security corporate and government settings.
AUTHENTICATED OPERATION
Traditional access-control systems protect data against unauthorized access through an authentication mechanism such as a password, biometric data, or smart card. Each access request triggers a system component, the guard, that is part of the trusted computing base. The guard grants or denies access, and can audit access requests according to the user, the request, and the system's access-control policy.
Authenticated operation bases access-control decisions in part on the identity of the program making a request. For example, a user can restrict access to files containing financial data to only certain authorized programs.
It is straightforward to extend most existing user-based access-control systems to code-based access models. For example, a resource can have an access-control list that grants access only to a list of programs rather than to users who run these programs. We expect that most systems built to support authenticated operation will base access-control decisions on both program and user resource requests
Rainfinity's technology originated in a research project at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), in collaboration with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The name of the original research project was RAIN, which stands for Reliable Array of Independent Nodes. The goal of the RAIN project was to identify key software building blocks for creating reliable distributed applications using off-the-shelf hardware. The focus of the research was on high-performance, fault-tolerant and portable clustering technology for space-borne computing. Two important assumptions were made, and these two assumptions reflect the differentiations between RAIN and a number of existing solutions both in the industry and in academia:
1. The most general share-nothing model is assumed. There is no shared storage accessible from all computing nodes. The only way for the computing nodes to share state is to communicate via a network. This differentiates RAIN technology from existing back-end server clustering solutions such as SUNcluster, HP MC Serviceguard or Microsoft Cluster Server.
2. The distributed application is not an isolated system. The distributed protocols interact closely with existing networking protocols so that a RAIN cluster is able to interact with the environment. Specifically, technological modules were created to handle high-volume network-based transactions. This differentiates it from traditional distributed computing projects such as Beowulf.
In short, the RAIN project intended to marry distributed computing with networking protocols. It became obvious that RAIN technology was well-suited for Internet applications. During the RAIN project, key components were built to fulfill this vision. A patent was filed and granted for the RAIN technology. Rainfinity was spun off from Caltech in 1998, and the company has exclusive intellectual property rights to the RAIN technology. After the formation of the company, the RAIN technology has been further augmented, and additional patents have been filed.
The guiding concepts that shaped the architecture are as follows:
1. Network Applications
The architecture goals for clustering data network applications are different from clustering data storage applications. Similar goals apply in the telecom environment that provides the Internet backbone infrastructure, due to the nature of applications and services being clustered.
2. Shared-Nothing
The shared-storage cluster is the most widely used for database and application servers that store persistent data on disks. This type of cluster typically focuses on the availability of the database or application service, rather than performance. Recovery from failover is generally slow, because restoring application access to disk-based data takes minutes or longer, not seconds. Telecom servers deployed at the edge of the network are often diskless, keeping data in memory for performance reasons, and tolerate low failover time. Therefore, a new type of share-nothing cluster with rapid failure detection and recovery is required. The only way for the shared-nothing cluster to share is to communicate via the network.
3. Scalability
While the high-availability cluster focuses on recovery from unplanned and planned downtimes, this new type of cluster must also be able to maximize I/O performance by load balancing across multiple computing nodes. Linear scalability with network throughput is important. In order to maximize the total throughput, load load-balancing decisions must be made dynamically by measuring the current capacity of each computing node in real-time. Static hashing does not guarantee
an even distribution of traffic.
4. Peer-to-Peer
A dispatcher-based, master-slave cluster architecture suffers from scalability by introducing a potential bottleneck. A peer-to-peer cluster architecture is more suitable for latency-sensitive data network applications processing shortlived sessions. A hybrid architecture should be considered to offset the need for more control over resource management. For example, a cluster can assign multiple authoritative computing nodes that process traffic in the round-robin order for each network interface that is clustered to reduce the overhead of traffic forwarding
-Manual Systems provides (technical) manuals for mobile
communications devices transmission equipment, voice-exchange device,
and subscriber products. Only members can access the enterprise system
manuals provided via the e-Manual Systems.
However, other contents and product manuals can be freely viewed and
browsed as no member registration is required.
2nd Hand Computer And Spare Parts 640 x 480 - 37k - jpg www.tootoo.com | embroidery machine spare parts 981 x 783 - 116k - jpg detail.en.china.cn [ More from img.en.china.cn ] | spare parts service repair oxford 837 x 605 - 292k - jpg www.pcdoctor-oxford.co.uk | dahao computer card 682 x 512 - 76k - jpg detail.en.china.cn | ... a free computer from spare parts 778 x 545 - 111k - jpg www.computerworld.com |
Computer Spare Parts? 150 x 135 - 4k - jpg www.computer-broker.co.uk [ More from www.computer-broker.co.uk ] | ... or exclude computer/spare parts. 486 x 543 - 177k - jpg www.wizardalex.com | ... components, and spare parts; ... 350 x 334 - 14k - jpg www.ebooksquad.com | Digging around the computer spare ... 672 x 1024 - 85k - jpg www.billzilla.org | the spare parts of computer ... 360 x 360 - 23k - jpg www.allproducts.com [ More from www.allproducts.com ] |
See manual and spare parts on page 3 ... 1032 x 806 - 228k - jpg www.spitfirespares.com | ... have computer parts to spare! 2304 x 1728 - 2603k - jpg www.leetupload.com | the spare parts of computer ... 360 x 360 - 29k - jpg www.allproducts.com | ... of the computer, spare parts and ... 272 x 238 - 35k - gif www.indonetwork.net | I suppose Dell spare parts has ... 640 x 480 - 58k - jpg 12.206.251.215 |
Computer Parts The spare parts can ... 314 x 268 - 24k - jpg www.pittjug.org | Computer Spare Parts 200 x 200 - 12k - jpg www.datahound.co.uk | Now we all know how computer spare ... 489 x 371 - 42k - jpg gamebashing.com | video editing computer 320 x 320 - 16k - jpg www.trygve.com | ... Inc. is a computer spare parts ... 1000 x 558 - 446k - png www.mishbones.net |
",a[9],a[10]?" - "+a[10]:"","
",a[11],"");if(a[12]&& a[13])b.push('
[ ',a[13]," ]");b.push("");return b.join("")},t:function(){return{}},injectRenderers:function(a,b){this.l=this.l||this.a;this.m=this.m||this.b;this.a=a||this.a;this.b=b||this.b},restoreRenderers:function(){this.a=this.l||this.a;this.b=this.m||this.b}},q={e:"",B:function(){this.updateNavbar();this.C()},updateNavbar:function(){var a=document.getElementById("navbar");if(a){var b=l.c(),c=a.getElementsByTagName("a"),d=this.o();for(var e= 0,f;f=c[e++];){var g=this.e||f.href,k=f.href.match(/[?&]start=(\d+)/),m=k?parseInt(k[1],10):0,n=Math.round(m/d),s=n*b;g=r(g,"start",s+"");f.href=r(g,"ndsp",b+"")}}},o:function(){var a=document.getElementById("navbar").getElementsByTagName("a")[0],b=/[?&]ndsp=(\d+)/;if(a){var c=a.href.match(b);if(c&&c[1]>0)return parseInt(c[1],10)}var d=this.q().match(b);if(d&&d[1]>0)return parseInt(d[1],10);return 21},C:function(){var a=h;if(this.e){var b=this.e.match(/[?&]start=(\d+)/);if(b&&b[1]>0)a=parseInt(b[1], 10)}if(a<0)return;var c="parseInt(document.getElementById(">=c)return;var d=p.r(),e=i?d:l.c();if(d
sell laser printer parts(ywfilms@gmail.com) [ninbo]
As a specialized manufacturer and exporter in China, we produce and provide high quality printer parts such as drum, transfer roller kits, fuser film sleeve, upper fuser roller, lower sleeved roller, transfer roller, pickup/feed roller, separation pad, delivery roller, gears. Ningbo Qio-Parts co., Ltd Tel: 0086-574-27721776 Mobile: 0086-15888511065 Fax: 0086-574-27721775 Skype:printer_suppl....
sell printer parts for pickup roller,separation pad,tranfer roller,delivery roller,fuser roller,etc [ninbo]
As a specialized manufacturer and exporter in China, we produce and provide high quality printer parts such as drum, transfer roller kits, fuser film sleeve, upper fuser roller, lower sleeved roller, transfer roller, pickup/feed roller, separation pad, delivery roller, gears. Ningbo Qio-Parts co., Ltd Tel: 0086-574-27721776 Mobile: 0086-15888511065 Fax: 0086-574-27721775 Skype:printer_suppl....
COMPUTER [Pune]
Branded Computers, Assembled Computers.....
Slim Line Computer Speakers [Singapore]
80 watts, 60 - 20,000 Hz. Slim-line panel satellites with NXTฎ SurfaceSoundTM technology. High-power forced pipe subwoofer with built in crossover network and power amplifiers. Comes with desk stands plus prongs for monitor and wall mounting.....
Computer SCSI Convertors ( TEX-003-005-010 ) [KARAMA]
Model Number : TEX-003-005-010. SCSI converters are conversion devices used between different types of SCSI interfaces such as single-ended to high-voltage differential (HVD), or HVD to low-voltage differential (LVD).....
iMac Computer [Pune]
Available in four colors 333-MHz, PowerPC, G3 Processor, 512K backside level 2 cache on processor module - 66-MHz system bus, 32MB of SDRAM, two SO-DIMM slots support up to 128MB, 64-bit memory bus Storage, Internal 4GB IDE hard disk drive, Internal 24x-speed (maximum) CD-ROM drive, No FDD. Connectivity - Two high-speed Universal Serial Bus(USB) ports Communications - Built-in 10/100-T E....
Rugged Pocket PC 2002 Based Mobile Computer [New Delhi]
(PPT 2800)Rugged Pocket PC 2002 Based Mobile Computer - Rugged, Pocketable PocketPC-based Computer Symbol Technologies continues its revolution of pocketable computing with the PPT 28xx, combining rugged mobility, bar code scanning and wireless LAN connectivity with the new Microsoft Pocket PC platform. This pen-based family of mobile data management devices offers companies the opportunity to....
Computer Cables (AT MODEM CABLE ) [shenzhen]
A20FM-0609C 6 FEET, DB9F/DB25M, ASSEMBLY M20FM-0609C 6 FEET, DB9F/DB25M, MOLD.....
Computer Centronics Connectors ( Connectors ) [KARAMA]
Model Number : TEX-003-005-001. Centronics connectors are standard parallel interface devices for connecting printers and other peripherals such as portable disc drives, tape backup drives, and CD-ROM players to computers.....
COMPUTER PERIPHERALS [Aurangabad]
Frontech-keyboard,CDR,Mouse, Scroll Mouse.Rates will be negotiable according to Qty.....
COMPUTER STATIONERY [Pune]
Compufast is the House of Computer Consumbles. We specialize in Printer Ribbon, Ink Cartridges & Refilling of Cartridges. ....
PIII COMPUTER [Pune]
Available PIII 1 GHZ CPU Intel 815 E Motherboard 128 MB RAM 1.44MB FDD 40 GB HDD(seagate) 15" Color Monitor lG Samsung Keyboard Scroll Mouse ATX Cabinet 52 x CDROM Drive (Acer) Creative Multimedia Speaker 32MB SIS AGP Display Card....
COMPUTER MAINTENANCE [Nashik]
Repairing of Laptops,UPS,Scanners,Printers,etc.
Contact immediately:Reva Solutions,33 Krushi Nagar,HPT College Road.
Phone:313830.....
Zenith Advance Computer [Nashik]
INTEL Pentium 4 @ 2.4 GHz (533 FSB), INTEL 845 GV/533 FSB Chipset, 512 KB Cache on die,Original INTEL Motherboard,128 MB DDR RAM 266 SD RAM,40 GB IDE Ultra ATA HDD 7200 RPM, 1.44 MB 3.5" Floppy Disk Drive,38 Cms(15") SVGA Zenith Digital(Silver Black) Colour Monitor,CD Wtiter (Silver Black), On board AC 97 Sound ,on board INTEL Extreme Graphics,10/100 LAN on board ,Set of Zenith Stereo Speakers....
COMPUTER COURSE [Nashik]
Dear IBC Member,
We are launching following courses:
D.O.A
*Computer Concepts.
*Graphic User Interface
*Windows 98
*MS-Exel
*MS-Powerpoint
*MS-Word
*Introduction to Access
*Intrenet Explorer
*Information Front Page & E-mial
DURATION:4 MONTHS
D.C.S.A
*Computer Concepts
*Office Automation[Word,Exel]
*Databases[Foxp....
COMPUTER REPAIR SERVICES AND ANNUAL MAINTENANCE CONTRACT [Pune]
we provide all type of computer services like repairs,annual maintenance contract,buy back offers,internet related solutions,onsite printer and monitor repairs,data backup and data recovery from formatted hard disks network cabling,ups and invertor sales and service and much more.
....
COMPUTER COURSES [Nashik]
Dear IBC Member,
We are launching following courses:
D.O.A
*Computer Concepts.
*Graphic User Interface
*Windows 98
*MS-Exel
*MS-Powerpoint
*MS-Word
*Introduction to Access
*Intrenet Explorer
*Information Front Page & E-mial
DURATION:4 MONTHS
D.C.S.A
*Computer Concepts
*Office Automation[Word,Exel]
*Databases[Foxpro,Access]
*Pro....
ZENITH COMPUTER [Bhavnagar]
Intel P4@2.26GHZ Based Computer / 845 GV Chipset MBD / 128 MB DDRSDRAM / 40GB HDD - 7200RPM/1.44 MBFDD/ATX Cabinet with SMPS / MM KBD/ Scroll Mouse / 17' CRT Color Monitor / 52X CDRW / Set of S tereo Speaker / PIP TV Kit with Remoter / 18 Multimedia Game CD Pack....
ZENITH COMPUTER SYSTEM [Bhavnagar]
Intel P4@2.26GHZ / Intel 845 GV Chipset MBD - 533MHZ FSB, 512KB CACHE/128 MB 333 DDRSDRAM / 40GB HDD - 7200RPM / 1.44 MB FDD/ ATX Premimum Cabinet with SMPS/17' CRT Color Monitor / MM KBD / 56.6KBPS INT. Modem / Scroll Mouse / 52X CD Writer / Set of Sterep Speaker / PIP TV Kit with Remote / 18 Zenith Entertainment CD Pack.....
Computer Spare Parts
COMPUTER TABLE - WR 30 [Pune]
Perfect Computer Table for any type of computer------------------- Size : *W900 x D500 x H1000....
COMPUTER SYSTEM [Pune]
Logitech Optical Mouse.
Logitech Internet Keyboard.
Antivirus Software.
....
Computer Systems [Pune]
D.O.A
*Computer Concepts. *Graphic User Interface *Windows 98 *MS-Exel *MS-Powerpoint *MS-Word *Introduction to Access *Intrenet Explorer *Information Front Page & E-mial
DURATION:4 MONTHS
D.C.S.A
*Computer Concepts *Office Automation(Word,Exel) *Databases(Foxpro,Access) *Programming under Foxpro 2.6 *Internet Explorer
DURATION:4 MONTHS
D.W.D
*Computer Concepts *Web Elements -Ph....
Personal Computer [Hyderabad]
It''s a Television, Video Recorder, Hi-Fi Audio System, DVD Home Theatre, Film Editing Suite, Digital Image Processing Station, it''s also a Personal Computer.....
COMPUTER [Pune]
Sales and Services of Computers and Computer Peripherals.....
COMPUTER SYSTEM [Pune]
Sales and Services of Computers and Computer Peripherals. ....